Carpenter&#39;s square.



C. CAYLOR.

CAHPENTERS SQUARE.

APPLICATION FILED JULY I. |913. LI 969519, PaIenIedAug. 29,1916.

2 SHEETS-SHEET I.

I. L Mv@ witneooeo A I I\\\ III CALVIN CAYLOR, 0F NORTHFIELD, NEW JERSEY.

CARPENTERS SQUARE.

Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Aug. 29, 1911i..

Application filed .Tilly 1, 1913. Serial No. 776,846.

To all whom t may concern:

Beit known that I, CALVIN CAYLOR, a citizen of the United States, residing at Northfield, in the county of Atlantic and State of New Jersey, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Carpenters Squares; and l do hereby declare the following to be a full, clear, and exact description of the invention, such as will enable others skilled in the art to which it appertains to make and use the same.

This invention is a tool, or carpenters square, designed more particularlyfor use by carpenters and joiners, comprising two flat arms, herein termed the blade and tongue, positioned at right angles to each other and containing proper graduations, with newly devised tables for marking and numbering the tool, by means of which the square may be applied to rafters and other timbers and boards, and the angles and lengths required on which they are cut quickly and easily ascertained.

Broadly stated, the tool is adapted for general use by mechanics who may or may not be accustomed to figuring the length of structural timbers, and the angles or lines on which they must be cut to construct a building of given dimensions.

One purpose of the invention, therefore, is to enable the mechanic to determine the liypotenuse of a triangle by reference to the tool, when the base and perpendicular measurements are given, and at the same time easily'and quickly ascertain the various cuts of the timber.

More specifically stated, the tool is designed, first, to indicate the length of common, hip, valley, and jack rafters of any pitch from a two inch rise to the foot, to an eighteen inch rise to the foot, for any building up to thirty feet in width, and, also, for buildings of greater width, by multiplying the proper numbers on the tool; second, t`o give the proper cuts for common, hip, valley and jack rafters; third, when the distance between jack rafters are known, to indicate the difference to be deducted from each one as they continue to reduce in length when approaching the smaller angle formed between the wall plate and hip rafter; fourth, to denote all manner of cuts for purlin posts; fifth, to determine the length and bevels for batter posts, and sixth, to make the plumb cuts at the upperend of rafter, and the side cuts of jacks, hips and valleys, without moving the pitch mark of' the square or tool out of a predetermined place. i

The invention will be more clearly unders tood fromthe following detailed description, when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which- Figure 1 is a plan view of the right side of the square. Fig. 2 is a plan view of the left side of the square. Fig. 3 is a view with parts partially broken away showing the cutting of a common rafter. Fig. 4L illustrates the rule when used for making the side cut of a jack rafter. Fig. 5 is an enlarged detail view showing a table of the lengths of jack rafters with various pitches. Fig. 6 is a broken plan view showing parts of the square and illustrating the scale for common rafters. Fig. 7 is a view similar to Fig. 6 illustrating the scale for hip and valley rafters.

The square is preferably made of sheet metal with the blade A approximately twenty four inches long and the tongue B approximately eighteen inches long, the tongue being shown of less width than the blade, as is usual in tools of this character. The blade A and tongue B are joined to form a true right angle. Both edges of the right face R of this square are provided with the usual graduation into inches, the outer edge a of the blade AR having the inch divisions subdivided into sixteenths, while the inch division ofthe inner edge Z1 of the blade AR is in practice subdivided into twenty-fourths of an inch. The face of this blade AR is provided with a rule or scale for determining the length of common rafters having a foot-run scale c with parallel longitudinal lines d, and transverse diagonal'lines e, extending from a base point C on the tongue BR. Each of these base lines e' is provided with a numeral at its intersection with a line d, denoting the length of a common rafter where the base measurement or width of a structure and the rise, or perpendicular, are known. This face of the blade isprovided, also, with diagonal transverse-lines f of different angles having a common vertex at a predetermined point exterior of the square, said lines intersecting lines d, which lines 7 are intended for indicating the angle on which the side cut shall be made for cripples and jack rafters, when resting against the hips and valleys. These lines f intersect the diagonal base lines e, and, like the lines e, denote the dierent angles for the various cuts and are spaced at varying distances with reference to each other. For example, in the embodiment of the invention illustrated in the drawings, the lirst line f1 extends fro-m 20 3/24' on edge b` to a point 18 on edge a substantially opposite to 16 and 12/24-adistance of approximately 3 and 15/24: inches; while the last line, f2, extends from 2 and 12/24ths on edge Z) to a point 2 1/16 on edge a, substantially opposite to 14/24ths-spanning a distance of substantially 1 inch and 22/24ths. Inl like manner, the diagonal base lines e, extending from the base point C on BR, differ from each other in angular disposition, each line forming the hypotenuse of a right angled triangle, and as these angles have a common vertex upon the tongue, increasing the height of the perpendicular of the triangle decreases the angle formed by thel hypotenuse and perpendicular, and increases the angles formed at Assuming the edge Z) to be the base of a triangle and the inch marks on edge ato indicate the perpendicular of a triangle to the base edge Y), then the first line el, in the illustration shown, would form a hypotenuse having a base of substantially 9/2Llths, while the line e2 would form a hypotenuse having a base of approximately three inches.

The table c at the end of the blade AR is 'l i intended to indicate the ordinary length of rafters, and this scale coperates with a scale E placed adjacent to each of the lines e for ydetermining the length and cut of a common rafter when the width vof a building and the rise of the roof are known. These common rafter scales are calculated to enable the mechanic to determine at once the length of a rafter with its cut as soon as he is aware of the dimensions of the` roof. For example, if a building is to be twenty-four feet square, with a nine inch rise perv foot for half of the width of the building, the base line would be twelve feet, or one-half of the width of the building, and the rise or perpendicular line would be one hundred and eight inches or nine feet. The hypotenuse, of the angle from twelve to 9, will then be fifteen feet, as is shown at g on the line e of blade AR, wherein it will be seenpthat the numeral 15 is placed on the line d corresponding to the twelve foot run and on the diagonal rafter line e exten'dingfrom the base point C to the scale 9 on the outer edge a of the blade AR. It will be noted that each of these lines e should extend from `the'iba'se point C to the inch numerals from twov upto and including eighteenalthough additional lines may be inserted, if desired.

Cn the right side of the tongue BR, in addition to the base point C, which is here noted at the numeral 12 on the outer edge a of the tongue are a number of lines e radiat# i ing from the base point in the direction of the various lines c of blade AR. In addition to these lines, the tongue is provided with instructions and with a board rule for determining the square feet when the length and width of a board are given.

Upon the left side L of the rule, shown in Fig. 2, is placed a hip and valley base point D, which is here noted at the numeral 17 which is the run for a hip or valley rafter corresponding to a run of 12 for a common rafter on the outer edge h of the blade BL. This outer edge z. of the blade BL is provided with an inch scale divided into onetenths of an inch, while the inner edge vl is divided into an inch scale which in practice is subdivided to one-twelfth of an inch. Upon the face of this tongue BL is inscribed a plank rule for determining the number of square feet in a plank when its length and width are given. Upon this surface, also, near the end thereof, is a scale 7c for determining the length of intermediate pack rafters when the pitch thereof is given. This scale 7c is divided into several parts, one of which is for the pitch, and the others for the distances the rafters are spaced apart on centers. As shown, the 16 inch and 24- inch center spacings are given as these are the ones in common use in framed structures. Knowing the pitch and the centers on which the rafters are to be placed, the length is immediately determined, as the lengths are given in the columns opposite each pitch.

Upon the blade AL, shown in Fig. 2, is inscribed the scale m for the foot run of the rafters, which scale coperatcs with a series of scales n provided for each line 7 on the blade AL radiating from the base point D. Other lines 7 are provided on the face of the blade AL for determining the angle of the top cut for hips and valleys where these rafters rest against the ridge pole. These scales m and n are used in conjunction with the base point D, similar to the scales E which are placed with each of the lines e on the blade AR.

In using the rule, we will assume that the mechanic is given drawings to build a roof where the building is twenty-four feet square and that the roof must rise nine inches for every foot run for half the width of the building. As twelve feet would be half the width of the building, this will be vassumed the base line of a triangle, while the perpendicular line would be one hundred and eight inches, or nine feet. In order to find the exact length of the common rafter on the square, the mechanic will follow out the line c on blade AR in the direction of numeral 9 (indicating rise or perpendicular) and will stop at the place on said line which is equivalent to the base of his triangle or select the line Z which is equivalent to the twelve foot run, which gives him fifteen feet as the length of his rafter, as will be shown in reference to g on Fig. l. The square is now placed upon the timber on the twentyfour inch blade at. the nine inch mark with the tongue at the twelve inch mark. The line is drawn along the twenty-four inch blade to indicate the cut at the upper end of the rafter. 'Ihe rafter is then measured down ifteen feet, the square lifted, taken to the heel end thereof, laid in the same position thereon, and the cut indicated for that end of the rafter. This completes the operation on the common rafter.

In order to get the side cut of jack rafter, where it intersects the hip rafter, the square is taken with the point at the 9 inch mark in its first position as a pivot, and the blade swung around parallel with the rafter. The square is then turned over on the back or top edge of the timber, as indicated in Fig. 4i, whereupon a pocket rule or any straight stick may be placed upon the diagonal line g/-g/ and the timber marked on each side. The square can then be removed and the timber properly marked.

In order to nd the length and cuts of the hip and valley rafters, the mechanic merely uses the reverse side of the square AL and BL, similar to that described for determining the length and cut of the common rafters in AR and BR.

In order to determine how much shorter each jack rafter is, the mechanic will refer to the rule 7c on the tongue of the square, giving the pitch as 2, 3, 4l, etc., and how much shorter each rafter should be when set 16 or 24 inches on the center, which measurements are usually used when constructing the ordinary roofs.

The square is intended to cover buildings up to thirty feet in width, but in the event of buildings not exceeding sixty feet in width, the mechanic may multiply the figures of the hypotenuse scale e by two. For example, should the building be sixty feet, the one-half width or span would be thirty, and the rise or perpendicular nine inches to every foot in run would be the rise 270 inches or 22 feet, 6 inches. The hypotenuse would then be 37 feet, 6 inches. In order to find this on the square, the mechanic would follow the fifteen foot run down the column s on the hypotenuse scale e, at the nine foot mark where he would then know the length of his rafter, eighteen feet, nine inches. This is multiplied by two, making the exact length of his rafter thirty-seven feet, six inches. Should the building be greater' than sixty feet in width, the usual proportions should be observed.

I-Iaving thus fully described my invention, what I claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent is i A square comprising a blade and a tongue, a plurality of longitudinal lines on a side of the square parallel to the edges of the blade and the tongue, a plurality of sets of angles on said square having separate vertices for the purposes described, one vertex exterior of the square and another vertex on said tongue, said angles intersecting said longitudinal lines and coperating therewith, and data located upon said square and adapted to be used in conjunction with said angles and said lines for the purpose of accurately and quickly determining the lengths and cuts of timbers used in framing structures.

In testimony whereof, I aflix my signature, in presence of two witnesses.

CALVIN CAYLOR.

Witnesses:

EDWARD C. RYAN, WM. BRICE.

Gopies of this patent may be obtained for five cents each, by addressing the Commissioner oi Patents, Washington, D. C. 

